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By joining Download. In this apps you can access more than plus English writing solution. This application is more important for student and teacher. Free YouTube Downloader.

IObit Uninstaller. Internet Download Manager. Advanced SystemCare Free. VLC Media Player. MacX YouTube Downloader. Microsoft Office YTD Video Downloader. Adobe Photoshop CC. VirtualDJ Avast Free Security. WhatsApp Messenger. Talking Tom Cat. Clash of Clans. Download now. This book is best for practicing writing task one module.

All the rules to perform and write diagrams are mentioned and well explained in this book. Students need to do a lot of hard work to achieve a good band score in this module, Makkar essays book is specially designed to aid students for writing task two. Students can learn a wide range of new vocabulary and take ideas from this book, and this book is enough for practising writing task 2.

This book contains 20 theoretical texts. This book was released in and huge demand. There are two reasons for this. First of all, in warm climate zones, water evaporates rapidly; therefore, the concentration of salt is greater. Second, the surrounding land is dry; consequently, it does not contribute much freshwater to dilute the salty seawater.

In cold climate zones, on the other hand, water evaporates slowly. Furthermore, the runoff created by melting snow adds a considerable amount of freshwater to dilute the saline seawater. Two tells you to look for two different reasons. Ii First of all tells you that this is the first reason. Therefore and consequently indicate that the second statement is a result of the first statement. On the other hand tells you that an opposite idea is coming. There are different kinds of transition signals.

Some of them are listed in the chart on page You will find a more complete list in Appendix C, pages Each group has different rules for position in a sentence and punctuation.

Transition Words and Phrases and Conjunctive A. The runoff created by melting snow, furthermore, adds a considerable amount of freshwater to dilute the saline seawater. The Mediterranean Sea is more saline than the Red Sea, however.

The words and phrases in the last four groups in the chart for listing ideas and time sequences, for emphasizing, for giving reasons, and for conclusions usually appear only at the beginning of a sentence, not in the middle or at the end. Too usually appears only at the end of a sentence, sometimes preceded by a comma. The short time words then, now, and soon usually do not need commas.

In this case, we use them with a semicolon and a comma. Look at Compound Sentences with Conjunctive Adverbs on pages for more examples. Coordinators mayor may not have commas. When they connect two independent clauses, use a comma. When coordinators connect two words or phrases, do not use a comma. Would you rather take a written or an oral exam? Children need not only love but also discipline. Exception: Some writers use a conuna before but and yet even when they do not connect independent clauses to emphasize the contrast of the connected ideas.

The poem is solemn, yet optimistic in tone. Look at Compound Sentences with Coordinators on pages and the section on Parallelism Conelative Paired Conjunctions on pages for more examples. The sentence mayor may not have a comma. The general rule is this: Put a comma after a dependent clause but not in front of one.

For information about subordinators, see Chapter Others The transition signals in this group include nouns such as example, adjectives such as additional, prepositions such as in addition to, verbs such as cause, and adverbs such as too.

There are no punctuation rules for tlns group, but it is important to notice what kinds of words follow these signals. An additional reason for the company's bankruptcy was the lack of competent management. Additional is an adjective, so it is followed by a noun. In addition to increased competition, the lack of competent management caused the company's bankruptcy. In addition to is a preposition, so it is followed by a noun or noun phrase.

Step 1 Circle all the transition signals in the following paragraphs. Step 2 Punctuate the transition signals if necessary. Recognizing Transition Signals Genetic3 Engineering Genetic research has produced both exciting and frightening possibilities. Scientists are now able to create new forms of life in the laboratory because of the development of gene splicing. One beneficial application of gene splicing is in agriculture.

For example researchers have engineered a more nutritious type of rice that could help alleviate the serious problem of vitamin A deficiency. It is estimated that million children worldwide lack vitamin A, putting them at risk of permanent blindness and other health issues. In addition genetic engineers have created larger fish, frost-resistant strawberries, and cows that produce more milk. Indeed agriculture has already benefited from the promise of genetic engineering.

A dependent clause always begins with a subordinator. Some people feel that it could have terrible consequences. In fact a type of corn engineered to kill a certain insect pest also threatened to annihilate l desirable monarch butterflies. In another accident, a genetically engineered type of corn that was approved only for animal consumption because it was toxic to humans accidentally cross-pollinated with corn grown for humans.

As a result many countries banned imports of genetically modified corn for several years. Furthermore the ability to clone human beings is a possibility that frightens many people. In , two South Korean scientists reported that they had successfully cloned a human embryo Dreifus. CT1CE 1 A. Write the signal Choosing in the space. Add punctuation and change capital letters to small letters if Transition Signals necessary. Note: All the transition signals in this practice are transition phrases and conjunctive adverbs.

This is to give you more practice in using and punctuating these types of transition signals correctly. A recent article in Era magazine suggested ways to reduce inflation. The article suggested that the president reduce the federal budget ; furthermore , it suggested that the government reduce federal, state, and local taxes. The same article said that the causes of inflation were easy to find the cure for inflation was not so easy to prescribe.

Era also suggested that rising wages were one of the primary causes of inflation the government should take action to control wages.

In physics, the weight of an object is the gravitational force 3 with which Earth attracts it; , if a man weighs pounds, this means that Earth pulls him down with a force of pounds. The farther away from Earth a person is, the less the gravitational force of Earth. A tsunami is a tidal wave produced by an earthquake on the ocean floor. Fill in each blank: with an appropriate transition signal from the list provided. Use each signal only once. Add punctuation if necessary.

It sometimes seems true that for North Americans, time seems as valuable as money. You can have time, buy time, and take time. One wonders how much it costs and where it is taken. The 8 proof is that these poor people sometimes take courses in time management!

That is really overdoing it, don't you agree? Improve the coherence of the following paragraph by adding transitions in the blank spaces.

Use the hints provided in parentheses to help you choose a transition. Move Over, DVD. Here Comes BD! First, CDs brought digital sound into our homes.

Then OVO technology brought digital sound and video and revolutionized the movie industry. Soon there will be 1 additional idea revolution: 8lu-ray discs 80s.

A 8lu-ray disc will have several advantages. A single-sided OVO can hold 4. A single- sided 80, 3 contrast , can hold up to 27 gigabytes, enough for 13 hours of standard video. A double-layer BO can store about 50 gigabytes, enough for 4. The cost will be about the same. Use transition signals to connect the supporting sentences smoothly. You '-'Using Transition may use the transition signals suggested for each topic, or you may use others not Signals listed. Add other sentences without transitions if you need to in order to explain the topic completely.

Sentence 1. There are four noticeable differences between British and American English. You may, of course, use your own if you wish. Sometimes I enjoy being alone.

Are you using too many transition signals? Too many can be distracting rather than helpful. There is no rule about how many to use in one paragraph.

Use them only when they will help your reader follow your ideas. Which ones are helpful to the reader? Which transition signals are an unnecessary distraction? Too Many Transition Step 1 Improve the paragraph by deleting some transition signals.

You may 5ignals want to rewrite sentences, and you may have to change the capitalization and punctuation. Step 2 There are many possible ways to do this assignment.

Discuss your changes with a partner or in a group. How to Grow an Avocado Tree l After you have enjoyed the delicious taste of an avocado, do not throw out the seed! You can grow a beautiful houseplant or even your own tree by following these simple steps. First, wash the seed.

Second, dry it. Third, insert three toothpicks into its thickest part. Then fill a glass or empty jar with water. After that, suspend the seed in the water with the pointed end up and the broad end down. The water should cover about an inch of the seed. Next, putjhe glass in a warm place, but not in direct sunlight.

Add water when necessary to keep the bottom of the seed under water at all times. In two to six weeks, you should see roots begin to grow. Furthermore, the seed will crack open, and then a stem will emerge from the top. However, wait until the stem is 6 to 7 inches long. Then cut it back to about 3 inches. Now wait until the roots are thick and the stem has leafed out again.

Then fill an 8- to inch diameter clay pot with enriched potting soil. Plant the seed, leaving the top half exposed. Then water it well. After that, water frequently but lightly; also give the plant an occasional deep soaking. However, do not overwater your little tree. Yellow leaves are a sign of too much water. Then place the potted plant in a sunny window and watch it grow. The more sunlight, the better; Then, when the stem is 12 inches high, cut it back to 6 inches to encourage the growth of side branches.

In just a few more weeks, you will have a beautiful indoor plant. In conclusion, enjoy your new plant, but do not expect it to bear fruit. Avocados grown from seed occasionally flower and bear fruit; however, first you will have to plant it outside and then wait anywhere from five to thirteen years. I"Grow Your Own Tree. Your choice of one kind of logical order over another will, of course, depend on your topic and your purpose.

You may even combine two or more different logical orders in the same paragraph. The important point to remember is to arrange your ideas in some kind of order that is logical to a reader accustomed to the English way of writing. The model paragraph on how to grow an avocado tree page 33 uses time order to organize the steps.

The model paragraph about gold on page 3 uses logical division. First, it discusses gold's beauty, and second its utility. The paragraph about synonyms on page 5 compares and contrasts word meanings. Be able Recognizing to discuss the reasons for your choice. Circle all transition signals. Kinds of "Logical Order Paragraph 1 The process of machine translation of languages is complex.

To translate a document from English into Japanese, for example, the computer first analyzes an English sentence, determining its grammatical structure and identifying the subject, verb, objects, and modifiers.

Next, the words are translated by an English-Japanese dictionary. After that, another part of the computer program analyzes the resulting awkward jumble' of words and meanings and produces an intelligible sentence based on the rules of Japanese syntax 2 and the machine's understanding of what the original English sentence meant. Finally, a human bilingual editor polishes the computer-produced translation. French meetings, for example, are long and rambling 3 and rarely end on time.

Furthermore, meetings often end without closure. Another difference involves documentation. North Americans adore documentation; they have a procedure manual for everything. The French, in contrast, think this is childish. French managers find it difficult to stick to a schedule, but U. In addition, the French prefer to work alone, whereas North Americans like to work in teams.

Another major difference in management style is that in French companies, authority comes from the top; French managers do not share information with subordinates and make decisions with little participation by employees beneath them. In about B. There were more than 60 days missing from the calendar, so very soon the calendar did not match the seasons at all.

Spring arrived when the calendar said that it was still winter. A few decades later, the Romans added the months of January and February to the end of the year. This calendar lasted about years. Then in 46 B. His calendar had days, with one day added every fourth year. He also moved the beginning of the year to January 1, and he renamed a month for himself: Julius July. In Caesar's calendar, February had 29 days. The very next emperor, Augustus, not only renamed a month for himself August , but he also took one day from February and added it to August so that "his" month would be just as long as Caesar's.

This calendar worked better than the previous ones, but it still was not perfect. By , the first calendrical day of spring was 10 days too early, so in , Pope Gregory XIII, the leader of the Roman Catholic religion, made a small change to make the calendar more accurate.

In the Gregorian calendar, the year is still Marin Independent Joumal30 Nov. The first kind of calendar is the lunar calendar, based on the phases of the moon. A month is calculated as the time between two full moons, The Islamic calendar used in Muslim countries is a lunar calendar. It has 12 months and a cycle of 30 years in which the 2nd, 5th, 7th, 10th, 13th, 16th, 18th, 21 st, 24th, 26th, and 29th years have days, and the others days.

A second kind of calendar is the solar calendar, which is based on the revolution of Earth around the sun. The ancient Egyptians used a solar calendar divided into 12 months of 30 days each, which left 5 uncounted days at the end of each year.

A very accurate calendar developed by the Mayan Indians in North America was also a solar calendar. It had days, of which were divided into 28 weeks of 13 days each. The new year began on the th day. Because the solar year is exactly days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 46 seconds long, however, a solar calendar is not totally accurate, so many cultures developed a third kind of calendar, the lunisolar calendar.

In a lunisolar calendar, extra days are added every so often to reconcile! The Chinese, Hebrew, and Gregorian calendars used today are lunisolar calendars. Every good paragraph has both unity and coherence. There are different types of transition signals. Each type is punctuated differently. Leap D 29th, the extra day added every four years to put th nch with the solar year. Eng and. Accor ing to this xplanation, pe p there thought that because eap Day existed to fix a pro em in the calend r, It could also be used to fix-em old and unjust practice.

In , the custo became an actual law in Scotland. Not only did the Scottish law allow wome to propose on any day during a Leap. Whatever its origins, the tradition of women taking the initiative one day a year lives on in Sadie Hawkins Day celebrations held in many communities in the United States even today. Writing Practice Step 1 Choose one of the topics suggested and write a paragraph that is 10 to 15 sentences in length.

Focus on giving your paragraph unity and Unity and Coherence coherence. Follow the steps in the writing process. See Appendix A. Step 2 After you have completed your first draft, use Self-Editing Worksheet 2 on page Revise your paragraph and write a second draft if necessary. Step 3 Exchange papers with a classmate and check each other's paragraph using Peer-Editing Worksheet 2 on page After your classmate has completed the checklist, discuss it and decide what changes you should make.

Step 5 Hand in your first draft, your second draft, your final copy, and the page containing the two editing worksheets. Topic Suggestions The influence of birth order on personality One or two place s a visitor to your country should not miss The disadvantages of being left-handed A fad, fashion, or activity of your generation that drives an older generation crazy An interesting custom or special celebration from your culture PRACTI CE 13 Choose one of the topics listed below and write a well-organized paragraph.

Try to use a specific example to support your Writing under topic sentence. You get these kinds of supporting details from outside sources such as books, magazines, newspapers, Web sites, personal interviews, and so on. Opinions First, it is important to distinguish between facts and opinions. Opinions are sub- jective statements based on a person's beliefs or attitudes.

Men are better drivers than women. Smoking is a bad habit. English is an easy language to learn. Part 1 I Writing a Paragraph Opinions are not acceptable as support. It is certainly acceptable to express opinions in academic writing. In fact, most professors want you to express your own ideas. However, you may not use an opinion as support, and if you express an opinion, you must support it with facts.

Facts are objective statements of truths. At sea level, water boils at degrees Celsius. Women live longer than men. Cigarettes are addictive. Sometimes even facts need proof. While all three statements above are facts, the last two need proof. Your readers may not believe that women live longer than men, or they may not agree that cigarettes are addictive.

You have to use specific suppOli- ing details to prove that these statements are true facts. Kinds of specific supporting details include examples, statistics, and quotations. The first three have been done for you as examples. F-NP 1. People who steal identities do a lot of damage before their victims become aware of it.

The writer could give an example of a person who was victilnized before noticing it. Punishment for identity thieves is not severe enough. The writer could give an example of a typical punishment. Identity theft is more serious than any other type of theft. Identity theft is increasing at a rapid pace. In , 31, cases of identity theft were reported to the Federal Trade Commission FTC ; in , the number was , Most people do not report identity theft to the police.

In , 60 percent of identity theft victims did not notify the police, according to the FTC. Identity theft happens to ordinary people, not just to the wealthy. As grocery clerk Sue Jamison reported, "My wallet was stolen, and within a week, the thieves had ordered an expensive cell phone package, applied for a VISA credit card, and received a PIN from the Department of Motor Vehicles to change my driving record online.

It is easy for a thief to use the U. Postal Service to steal identities. For example, thieves steal credit card statements from mailboxes, and then send a change-of-address card to the postal service to have future statements sent to a different address. Most victims of identity theft are young adults. The Federal Trade Commission reports that there were more victims in the age group than in any other group.

The police should do more to protect citizens from identity theft. Most identity thieves operate in large, organized gangs. Using Outside Sources Where can you find specific supporting details to support your ideas?

For some assignments, you may be able to use examples from your own personal experience, or you may be able to gather quotations and statistics by performing an experiment, taking a survey, or interviewing people. For other assignments, you may have to look for outside sources by researching your topic in a library or on the Internet.

There are three ways to insert outside information into your own writing: 1 You can quote it, 2 you can summarize it, or 3 you can paraphrase it. You will learn to use quotations in this chapter. In Chapter 8, you will learn to summarize and paraphrase. It is important to learn how to use information from outside sources without com- mitting plagiarism.

Plagiarism is using someone else's words or ideas as ifthey were your own, and it is a serious offense. Students who plagiarize may fail a class or even be expelled from school. When you use information from an outside source without acknowledging that source, you are guilty of plagiarism.

One way to avoid plagiarism is to always put quotation marks around words that you copy exactly. You do not need to use quotation marks if you change the words. You are also guilty of plagiarism if you fail to cite the source of outside infonnation-words or ideas-that you use. To cite a source means to tell where you got the infonnation. Sources 1. Insert a short reference in parentheses at the end of each piece of borrowed information.

This short reference is called an in-text citation. Prepare a list describing all your sources completely. This list is titled "Works Cited" and appears as the last page of your paper. Here is an example of an in-text citation and of its corresponding entry in a works-cited list. Notice the position and punctuation of the citation-at the end of the last sentence of the borrowed information, before the final period.

There was no author. The date 26 Feb. More complete information on how to write in-text citations and works-cited lists is found in Appendix E: Research and Documentation of Sources.

Quotations Quotations from reliable and knowledgeable sources are good supporting details. There are two kinds of quotations: direct and indirect. In a direct quotation, you copy another person's exact words spoken or written and enclose them in quotation marks.

In an indirect quotation, you report the person's words without quotation marks, but with a reporting expression such as according to XYZ. Direct Read the following model and notice how direct quotations are used to support Ouotations the topic sentence. Notice that a quotation can be a complete sentence or several sentences or a short phrase.

Also notice the punctuation of each quotation. Michael Kar. Which sentence states the main idea of the first paragraph? What direct quotation suppOlis it? What phrase introduces the quotation? What is the main idea in the second paragraph? What three direct quotations support it? What verbs introduce the quotations in the second paragraph? Explain the in-text citation at the end of the second paragraph. How can you tell? Reporting To introduce borrowed information-direct quotations, indirect quotations, or Verbs and statistics-use the phrase according to or a reporting verb such as the following: Phrases assert insist report suggest claim maintain say write declare mention state IHerper, Matthew.

The fonn of this in-text citation shows that the words in quotation marks are from paragraph 4 of an online article written by a person whose last name is Herper. The form of this citation means that the words in quotation marks were spoken by Dr.

Michael Karsten and were quoted on page 62 of an article written by two people named Bamberger and Yaeger. Reporting verbs can appear before, in the middle of, or after bon'owed information.

The reporting phrase according to usually appears before or after but not in the middle. One young bicyclist says, "To win in world-class competition, you have to take drugs" Jones. According to one young bicyclist, athletes have to take drugs to win Jones. Athletes have to take drugs to win, according to one young bicyclist Jones.

Reporting verbs can be used either with or without the subordinator as. As one writer says when discussing the case of an Olympic medallist who unknowingly took a banned drug, "The human body, of course, doesn't distinguish intentional use from inadvertent exposure.

One writer says when discussing the case of an Olympic medallist who unknowingly took a banned drug, "The human body, of course, doesn't distinguish intentional use from inadvertent exposure.

Reporting verbs can be in any tense. However, be aware that a past tense reporting verb may cause changes in verbs, pronouns, and time expressions in an indirect quotation.

See Sequence of Tenses Rules on page Some critics claimed that the International Olympic Committee had been lax on enforcement of drug bans " Olympics," par. Including the source of the bon'owed information with the reporting expression gives authority to your writing because it lets your reader know immediately that your information is from a credible source.

The institute of Global Ethics warns, "The Olympics could well become just another money-drenched media promotion in which contestants will be motivated less by athletic glory than by lucrative future contracts" Kidder, par. Chapter 3 I Supporting Details: Facts, Quotations, and Statistics 45 punctuating Follow these generalmles for punctuating direct quotations.

Direct 1. Do not use quotation marks with paraphrases, summaries, or indirect quotations. Normally, place commas and periods before the first mark and also before the second mark in a pair of quotation marks. According to Sports Illustrated, "Eliminating drug use from Olympic sports would be no small challenge. Charles Yesalis believes that "a large percentage" of athletes who have set new records have done so with the help of performance-enhancing drugs qtd. The Institute of Global Ethics warns, "The Olympics could well become just another money-drenched media promotion in which contestants will be motivated less by athletic glory than by lucrative future contracts" Kidder, par.

Capitalize the first word of the quotation as well as the first word of the sentence. Donald Catlin, director of a drug-testing lab eat UCLA, stated, "The sophisticated athlete who wants to take drugs has switched to things we can't test for" qtd.

If you break a quoted sentence into two parts, enclose both parts in quotation marks and separate the pal1S with commas. Capitalize only the first word of the sentence. Donald Catlin, director of a drug-testing lab at UCLA, "has switched to things we can't test for" qtd. If you omit words, use an ellipsis three spaced periods.

According to a article in Sports Illustrated, "The use of steroids has spread to almost every sport, from major league baseball to college basketball to high school football" Bamberger and Yaeger If you add words, put square brackets around the words you have added. One athlete declared, "The testers know that the [drug] gurus are smarter than they are" qtd. Use single quotation marks to enclose a quotation within a quotation.

A young athlete openly admitted, "My ethical inner voice tells me, 'Don't use drugs,' but my competitive inner voice says, 'You can't win if you don't'" Jones. If your quotation is four lines or longer, do not use quotation marks. Introduce this type of quotation with a colon and indent it one inch from the left-hand margin. A national news agency reported these shocking survey results: Several years ago [when] athletes were asked if they would take a performance-enhancing drug if they knew they would NOT be caught and they would win, said they would take the drug.

The second question revealed a more frightening scenario. The athletes were asked if they would take a drug that would ensure they would win every competition for five years and wouldn't get caught, but the side effects would kill them-more than HALF said they would take the drug " Olympics," par.

For more examples showing the use of quotation marks, see pages in Appendix B. Punctuating Direct Quotations 1. Yixuan Ma, a well-known astrophysicist who has been studying black holes, said they are the most interesting phenomena we astrophysicists have ever studied. As she explained in black holes the laws of nature do not seem to apply.

A black hole is a tiny point with the mass 25 times the mass of our sun explained Ma's associate, Chun-Yi Suo Black holes are created by the death of a very large star she stated.

It is an invisible vacuum cleaner in space she added with tremendous gravitational pull. According to Dr. Su, if a person falls into a black hole, he will eventually be crushed due to the tremendous gravitational forces. Time will slow down for him as he approaches the point of no return she said and when he reaches the point of no return, time will stand still for him.

For this reason, indirect quotations are sometimes called reported speech. Indirect quotations are introduced by the same reporting verbs used for direct quotations, and the word that is often added for clarity. The tense of verbs in indirect quotations is affected by the tense of the reporting verb. Compare the following model with the second paragraph of the model for direct quotations on page Notice the changes that occur when you rewrite direct quo- tations as indirect quotations.

Note: The same sentence numbers are used to help you compare the two para- graphs.